thinking with concept draw mindmap !

chapter 12 - deductive reasoning : how do i reason from premises ?

in this chapter is explaining the fundamental standards that govern deductive reasonig. it is introducing you to logic's basic vocabulary and explain how both deduction and induction interolay in our thinking.
also in this chapter you can learn about deductive reasoing and the interplay of inductive and deductive reasoning. for example ;
1 - all puclic trains are faster than car transport
i want faster-than-car transport
--------------------------------
i will take public trains.

2 - all horses are herbivorous
this animal is a horse
----------------------
this animal is herbivorous.

all cats are night animals
this creature is a cat
----------------------
this creature is a night animal.

chapter 11 - inductive reasoning and inductive fallacies : how so i reason from evidence ?

creating as we go along, sometimes forgetting our original plan, our reasoing is haphazard and unsystematic.inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or to supply missing information.this chapter severs as an introduction to the forms, methods, and roles of inductive reasoning.
defining key terms
1- induction
2- reasoning
3- empirical
4- scientific method
5- inductive reasoning

chapter 10 - fallacies - what's a faulty argument ?

chapter 9 - argument - what's a good argument

this chapter shows us how to disentangle before the fighting starts, or better , how to make fighting unnecessary. it is showing us models of good and poor argument in order to lead to lead you toward writing arguments that are well constructed, well supported and persuasive. in short, we will learn the skills of argument building,argument analysis, and argument evaluation.

chapte 8 - viewpoint - what's the filter ?

chapter 7 - evaluations

Assessments make judgments about value on the basic of criterions that may be being awake or not. Assessments are not facts. Information which is based on facts keep seperated facts and assessments evident from each other. Evaluations are quick and careless evaluations which might include unconsidered and incorrect support. Senses and hopes affects our understandings and assessments.

chapter 6 - opinions

Commonly, nobody doesn't understand a general idea. But we use word's varieties for understanding expressions.
Ideas should be understood clearly or not. If it could not be cought, it was emotions of people. people like catching other's ideas.
Professional opinion is based on an understanding of affirmation and dangers in a situtation. Professional opinion is important and highly expense.
Opinious should not be fix with reals.
If you want to make arguments, you should clear your bias in your brain.

chapter - 5 - assumptions

Hypotheses are something which is believed, which we admit early as reality without working on it seriously and cautiously. Usually, we don't realize that it is an assumption until it brings difficulties for us.
Arguments are the way of thinking to support a opinion or to convince people to make them believe in the idea in which he/she supports. Good arguments do not rely on hypothesis which is not analyzed.
Someone who comes up with a new and different point of view to a problem that makes the others surprised is usually able to create a way to solve the problem, because he or she does not acknowledge the assumptions as facts which cause to think shallow like others do. As a conscious tool, we can refer to assumptions when experiencing a problem to solve.
Hypothesis can be rational or irrational, reasonable or unreasonable. Irrational or unreasonable hypotheses can cause incorrect thinkings and decisions, however rational and reasonable Hypotheses can be valuable tools to solve problems. What we need is to realize the difference between them.

chapter 4 - inferences

If we want to perceive and think clearly, we interest our and other's personality.
Acceptable inference can be used anectodic writing to actuality together.
detectives and consultants need analyze the facts. And they should make the best result of them.
Facts and inferences can be made general. It basically means that we should know how to draw generalizations that can be supported.
the subject statement of a paragraph is a generalization that summariaes the basic idea to be determine.

chapter - 3 - fact

By description, a fact is something which is known by exact knowledge, examination and calculation. A fact can be impartially reliable and confirmed. A fact is a thing which people acknowledge being in agreement to reality.
It's difficult for us to decide whether facts are in agreement to reality or not. This can only be decided extra period with repeated return to the input and examining.
The difference between facts and story is not important.
Senses are facts; they can destroy or increase our comprehensions, depending on how aware we are of their existence.

Chapter 2 - Word Precision

Correct using of the words gives some help to our thinking.
Writing is important to memorize words.
If we want to clear thinking, we should understand correctly words.
We should choose correct dictionary for taking mean of words.
If we use thesaurus dictionary, we can find synonyms. So we can learn more words. And we can explain ourselves by a few ways.
We should check our understanding of a word. In thıs way words give us their characteristic and main ideas.
Learning word's root can give us main idea. We can inference by roots.
Metaphorical meaning reminds us, which can be positive, negative, or neutral. If we catch the connotation of word, we can feel and image in our brains.

Chapter 1 - abservation skills

We should find out our characteristic and personalityto make better aware way of thinking.Instense observation makes us see the details and give us clues about solving problems.Sensing, perceiving and thinking arre the ways of observation. Sensing gives us information, perceiving places data in our brains. And finally thinking shapes our discerment.Careful observation needs to be focused on subject, to be patient our opinious to be eliminated.

1. Observation skills are learned mainly through book learning. Support for Answers. On the contrary, observation is learned from participation, which is more active and spontaneous than reading. Samuel Scudder learned observing through the active coaching of his teacher Agassiz as well as from his own efforts, curiosity, and persistence in studying his fish. False

2. The standard academic study of all the physical sciences requires observation skills, whether in the field or laboratory. False

3. In thinking, the correctness of our conclusions usually depends on the clarity of our perceptions. True

4. Observation skills can be extended to observing how you observe. True

5. An insight is an experience of understanding that can occur spontaneously after we observe something intently for a while. One illustration of this experience is the story of Archimedes, who, while in his bath, discovered the means of measuring the value of an irregular solid by the displacement of water. True

6. Agassiz was simply too busy to give his student all the assistance he needed. False

7. Perception and sensation are synonyms. True

8. It is difficult to feel sensation and to think at the same time. If we want to feel whether a pair of new shoes fits properly, we have to pay attention. True

9. Assimilation, according to Piaget, is an experience of easily understanding something that readily fits into our preexisting schemes or world view. True

10. The word thinking, according to the dictionary, has only one meaning.False

I was born in Istanbul on 6 August 1981 and grew up in a small summer city close to the Mediterranean Sea. I studied at Dumlupinar University and Anadolu University. Then I got my business and export-import degrees from these universities between 1999 2006.

I have a brother and he’s studying econometrics in one of the famous university in Turkey. My parents are living in Istanbul during the winters but the summer time, they are living in Didim. They are retired now.

About 80% of the people in Turkey are Turks who originally came from central Asia. The remaining 20% is a variety of smaller ethnic groups, including Greeks, Armenians, and Jews. The Republic of Turkey was founded by and on the originating ideals of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, I think; he is one of the greatest leaders of this century. Turkish is the official language of the country but the Turkish alphabet doesn’t contain the letters ‘Q, W, X’. Soccer is the most popular sport for both spectators and participants and my team is the best team in my country. This Turkish team called Fenerbahce.

I have been living in the USA for 2 years. I went to language school a few mounts. When I was going to the language school, I was thinking about going to university for MBA. Consequently, I’m going for master’s degree in business administration in Lincoln University now. I have a lot of ideas for my life in the future. I want to create my own business about export-import. I always dreamed about having my own business and I’m talking to friends and reading a lot of books about it all the time for different ideas. Do I trust myself? Yes, I do.


MEHMET KEMAL